Effects of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia pre-formulation on the intestinal barrier during sodium dextran sulfate-induced colitis in Wistar rats / Efectos de la preformulación de Mimosa caesalpiniifolia sobre la barrera intestinal durante la colitis inducida por sulfato de dextrano sódico en ratas Wistar

Introduction. Anti-inflammatories, immunosuppressants, and immunobiological are commonly used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. However, some patients do not present an adequate response or lose effective response during the treatment. A recent study found a potential anti-inflammatory effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in Wistar rats. Objective. To evaluate the effects of M. caesalpiniifolia pre-formulation on the intestinal barrier using dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis model. Materials and methods. Leaf extracts were prepared in 70% ethanol and dried with a Buchi B19 Mini-spray dryer using 20% Aerosil® solution. Thirty-two male Wistar rats were randomized into four groups: basal control, untreated colitis, pre-formulation control (125 mg/kg/day), and colitis treated with pre-formulation (125 mg/kg/day). Clinical activity index was recorded daily and all rats were euthanized on the ninth day. Colon fragments were fixed and processed for histological and ultrastructural analyses. Stool samples were collected and processed for analysis of the short-chain fatty acid. Results. Treatment with the pre-formulation decreased the clinical activity (bloody diarrhea), inflammatory infiltrate, and the ulcers. Pre-formulation did not repair the epithelial barrier and there were no significant differences in the goblet cells index. There was a significant difference in butyrate levels in the rats treated with the pre-formulation. Conclusions. The pre-formulation minimized the clinical symptoms of colitis and intestinal inflammation, but did not minimize damage to the intestinal barrier.

Introducción. Los antiinflamatorios, inmunosupresores e inmunobiológicos se utilizan comúnmente para tratar la enfermedad intestinal inflamatoria. Sin embargo, algunos pacientes no presentan una respuesta adecuada o pierden respuesta efectiva durante el tratamiento. En un estudio reciente, se encontró un potencial efecto antiinflamatorio del extracto hidroalcohólico de Mimosa caesalpiniifolia en la colitis inducida por el ácido trinitrobenceno sulfónico utilizando ratas Wistar. Objetivo. Evaluar los efectos de la preformulación de M. caesalpiniifolia sobre la barrera intestinal durante la colitis inducida por sulfato de dextrano sódico. Materiales y métodos. Los extractos de hojas se prepararon con una solución que contenía 70 % de etanol y se secaron con un secador por aspersión Mini B19 de Buchi usando una solución con 20 % de Aerosil®. Treinta y dos ratas Wistar macho se aleatorizaron en cuatro grupos: control basal, colitis sin tratar, control con preformulación (125 mg/kg/ día) y colitis tratada con preformulación (125 mg/kg/día). El índice de actividad clínica se registró diariamente y todas las ratas se sacrificaron el noveno día. Los fragmentos de colon se fijaron y se procesaron para análisis histológicos y ultraestructurales. Se recolectaron muestras de heces y se procesaron para el análisis de ácidos grasos de cadena corta. Resultados. El tratamiento con la preformulación disminuyó la actividad clínica (diarrea sanguinolenta), el infiltrado inflamatorio y las úlceras. La preformulación no reparó la barrera epitelial y no hubo diferencias significativas en el índice de células caliciformes. Se obtuvo una diferencia significativa en los niveles de butirato en las ratas tratadas con la preformulación. Conclusiones: La preformulación minimizó los síntomas clínicos de colitis e inflamación intestinal pero no minimizó el daño a la barrera intestinal.

Indigenous bacterial community of heavy metal tolerance in the rhizosphere soils of Mimosa pudica naturally growing on an ex-tin mining area

Aims@#The purpose of this research was to explore the composition and genomic functions of bacterial community inhabiting the rhizosphere of Mimosa pudica, which were naturally growing on tailing and non-tailing soils of an ex-tin mining area.@*Methodology and results@#DNA were extracted from rhizosphere soils and PCR targeting the hypervariable region V3-V4 was carried out by Illumina 16S metagenomic library. Libraries were sequenced using Illumina MiSeq. The Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were assigned to 23 bacterial phyla, 72 classes, 165 orders, 248 families and 357 genera. The most represented and dominant phylum was Proteobacteria, with an average abundance value of 41.2%. The most represented genera included Paraburkholderia, Bradyrhizobium, Bacillus, Candidatus, Acidothermus, Acidibacter and Nitrospira. Non-tailing soils had more number and richness of species while the tailings had more diversity of species. The metagenomes accommodate suspected genes for heavy metal tolerance of microbes (As, Cr, Co, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cd, Fe and Hg) and microbial plant-growth-promoting traits for hyperaccumulator plants (synthesis of indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophore and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase; solubilization of phosphate and potassium and nitrogen fixation). @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#Bacteria and predicted genes discovered could be part of major factors influencing growth of M. pudica in heavy metal-contaminated soils. The study provides the first report and a basis into the bacterial community associated with M. pudica in ex-tin mining soils from the studied geographical location. The findings also provide fundamental knowledge on phytoremediation potential of heavy metal contaminated soils involving indigenous beneficial microbial populations.

Antibiotic resistant Vibrio harveyi isolated from shrimp pond and anti-Vibrio activity of Combretum quadrangulare Kurz. and Mimosa pudica extracts

Aims@#The occurrence of bacterial disease in shrimp ponds is a major problem faced in shrimp farming. Thus, the aims of this study were to isolate and evaluate antibiotic resistant profile of Vibrio harveyi strain isolated from shrimp pond water, as well as to study the potential anti-Vibrio activity of Combretum quadrangulare Kurz. (CQ) and Mimosa pudica (MP) leaves extracts.@*Methodology and results@#Vibrio harveyi WSC103 was isolated from water in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture pond and identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. This strain showed characteristics of multidrug-resistant (7 antibiotics). It had become more sensitive to antibiotics (9 out of 10 antibiotics) after plasmid curing. It is showed CQ and MP leaves extracts contain potent bioactive compounds (tannins, flavonoids, steroids, cardiac glycosides and alkaloids) against V. harveyi WSC103. The aqueous, 95% ethanolic and 75% acetone extracts of CQ (MIC value of 3.13-12.50 mg/mL) and MP (MIC value of 3.13-25.00 mg/mL) leaves revealed strong vibriostatic activity, but aqueous and 95% ethanolic extracts in both plants showed vibriocidal activity. The 95% ethanolic extract of both CQ and MP leaves displayed the excellent vibriocidal property with MBC value of 100 mg/mL with zone of inhibition at 11.44 ± 1.01 and 11.78 ± 1.01 mm by agar disc diffusion.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#The isolated Vibrio harveyi WSC103 was successfully characterized as a novel multidrug-resistant strain. The ethanolic C. quadrangulare Kurz. and M. pudica extracts exhibited prominent vibriostatic and vibriocidal capacities. These finding is proven that C. quadrangulare Kurz. and M. pudica extracts would be an alternative anti-Vibrio agent for aquaculture infectious treatment.

Ecophysiology of caatinga native species under semi-arid conditions / Ecofisiologia de espécies nativas caatinga em condições semi-áridas

Caatinga is a biome from the Brazilian northeastern semiarid region which needs further studies for the preservation of its native species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological behavior of six native species. The experiment was arranged in six treatments (native species) and three replicates in a randomized block design. Net photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic photon flux density, chlorophyll content, and soil moisture were evaluated. According to the results, Mimosa spp. had the lowest levels of chlorophyll content. In all species, water deficit caused significant decrease in transpiration rate and stomatal conductance. M urundeuva and Cnidoscolus spp. can be considered the most sensitive species to drought as changes in those variables also led to the decline in net photosynthesis. The other species can be considered more tolerant to drought, since net photosynthesis did not suffer significant decrease despite the harmful effects of water deficit on transpiration and stomatal conductance.

A Caatinga é um bioma do semiárido brasileiro que precisa ser mais estudado, para preservar suas espécies nativas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o comportamento fisiológico de seis espécies nativas. O experimento foi organizado em seis tratamentos (espécies nativas) e três repetições em um delineamento de blocos ao acaso. Foram avaliadas a fotossíntese líquida, transpiração, condutância estomática, densidade DE fluxo de fótons fotossintéticos, teor de clorofila e umidade do solo. De acordo com os resultados, Mimosa spp., mostrou os níveis mais baixos de teor de clorofila. Em todas as espécies, o déficit hídrico provoca diminuição significativa na taxa de transpiração e na condutância estomática. M. urundeuva e Cnidoscolus spp., podem ser consideradas as espécies mais sensíveis à seca, porque as mudanças nessas variáveis levaram também ao declínio da fotossíntese líquida. As outras espécies podem ser consideradas mais tolerantes à seca, pois, apesar dos efeitos nocivos do déficit de água na transpiração e na condutância estomática, a fotossíntese líquida não sofre queda significativa.

Plantas tóxicas para ruminantes e equídeos do estado de Sergipe / Toxic plants for ruminants and equidae in the state of Sergipe, Brazil

Em um levantamento feito nos anos de 2015 e 2016 no estado de Sergipe, com o objetivo de conhecer as plantas tóxicas para ruminantes e equídeos, foram visitadas propriedades rurais em 16 municípios, englobando as mesorregiões do litoral, agreste e sertão. Para isso foram realizadas entrevistas a 32 produtores e 10 a médicos veterinários da região. De acordo com o levantamento, Amorimia spp., Crotalaria retusa, Ipomoea asarifolia, Palicourea aeneofusca e Poiretia punctata são responsáveis por mortes de animais gerando prejuízos consideráveis aos produtores. Surtos esporádicos de intoxicações por Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa, Mimosa tenuiflora, Pannisetum purpureum e Manihot esculenta também foram relatados. Alguns produtores relataram surtos isolados de intoxicações por Ziziphus joazeiro e citrus sp, plantas não conhecidas anteriormente como tóxicas.(AU)

In a survey on toxic plants for ruminants and equidae conducted in 2015 and 2016 in the state of Sergipe, farms from16 municipalities of different microregions (litoral, agreste and sertão) were visited. Thirty two farmers and 10 veterinarians were interviewed about the occurrence of known toxic plants in the state of Sergipe and poisoning by plants previously unknown. According to the survey, Amorimia spp., Crotalaria retusa, Ipomoea asarifolia, Palicourea aeneofusca and Poiretia punctata are important causes of death on livestock in the region. Sporadic poisonings by Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa, Mimosa tenuiflora, Pannisetum purpureum and Manihot esculenta were also registered. Some farmers reported poisoning by Ziziphus joazeiro and Citrus spp., which had not been reported previously as toxic.(AU)

Diameter distribution in a Brazilian tropical dry forest domain: predictions for the stand and species

ABSTRACT Currently, there is a lack of studies on the correct utilization of continuous distributions for dry tropical forests. Therefore, this work aims to investigate the diameter structure of a brazilian tropical dry forest and to select suitable continuous distributions by means of statistic tools for the stand and the main species. Two subsets were randomly selected from 40 plots. Diameter at base height was obtained. The following functions were tested: log-normal; gamma; Weibull 2P and Burr. The best fits were selected by Akaike's information validation criterion. Overall, the diameter distribution of the dry tropical forest was better described by negative exponential curves and positive skewness. The forest studied showed diameter distributions with decreasing probability for larger trees. This behavior was observed for both the main species and the stand. The generalization of the function fitted for the main species show that the development of individual models is needed. The Burr function showed good flexibility to describe the diameter structure of the stand and the behavior of Mimosa ophthalmocentra and Bauhinia cheilantha species. For Poincianella bracteosa, Aspidosperma pyrifolium and Myracrodum urundeuva better fitting was obtained with the log-normal function.

Volatile compounds and palynological analysis from pollen pots of stingless bees from the mid-north region of Brazil

ABSTRACT Samburá is the botanical pollen nectar agglutinated by salivary secretions of bees. Stingless bee pollen samples were collected in three periods of the year in Monsenhor Gil town, PI, Brazil, for extraction of volatile constituents by different techniques, analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the palynological analysis used to identify the dominant pollen. Among the volatile compounds identified, kaur-16-ene, methyl and ethyl hexadecanoate, methyl linoleate and heneicosane were identified more frequently in the studied parameters: period of sample collection and extraction techniques used. The palynological analysis identified the pollen of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. as the dominant pollen in all samples studied.

Surtos de dermatite ulcerativa causados por espinhos de Mimosa setosa, M. debilis e M. pudica (Fabaceae) em equinos / Ulcerative dermatitis outbreaks caused by thorns of Mimosa setosa, M. debilis and M. pudica (Fabaceae) in horses

Descrevem-se, na pele de equídeos, lesões de natureza mecânico-traumática causadas por espinhos de Mimosa spp. Dentre as três espécies da planta identificadas como responsáveis pelas lesões, M. setosa estava presente em maior quantidade (80%) e M. debilis e M. pudica encontravam-se em menor proporção na pastagem. Ocorreram três surtos de dermatite ulcerativa em períodos chuvosos de abril a maio de 2013, dezembro de 2013 a fevereiro de 2014 e abril a maio deste mesmo ano. Vinte e cinco equinos do Setor de Reprodução Animal da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro apresentaram, na pele, lesões ulcerativas com contornos irregulares, exsudato hemorrágico, recobertas por crostas. As lesões localizavam-se sobretudo nas regiões de quartela, boleto, articulação escapulo-umeral, lábios superior e inferior, focinho, narinas, bochechas e chanfro. Sete animais foram biopsiados e o exame histopatológico revelou ulceração da epiderme e infiltrado inflamatório constituído por macrófagos e neutrófilos, delimitado por tecido de granulação subjacente. Em alguns casos, foram observados microespículos das referidas plantas (tricomas hirsutos) em meio à reação inflamatória. O diagnóstico de dermatite cutânea causada pela ação traumática da planta baseou-se na presença de Mimosa spp. na pastagem, nas características e localização das lesões na pele dos equinos, nos achados histopatológicos e na recuperação após a retirada dos animais do pasto.(AU)

Mechanic natural skin lesions in horses caused by thorns of Mimosa spp. are described. Between the three plant species identified as responsible for the lesions, Mimosa setosa was present in greater quantity (80%) in the pasture, whilst M. debilis and M. pudica existed in lower proportion. Three ulcerative dermatitis outbreaks were observed during rainy periods of April to May 2013, December 2013 to February 2014 and April to May of the same year. Twenty-five horses from the Sector of Animal Reproduction, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, showed ulcerative skin lesions with irregular borders, hemorrhagic exudate, sometimes covered with scabs, located mainly in the regions of the pastern, fetlock, scapular-humeral joints, upper and lower lips, nose, nostrils, cheeks and chamfer. Seven horses were biopsied and histopathological examination revealed ulceration of the skin with inflammatory infiltrate by macrophages and neutrophils, delimited by granulation tissue. In some cases, microspicules of these plants (hirsute trichomes) were found throughout the inflammatory reaction. The diagnosis of skin dermatitis, caused by traumatic action of the plants, was based on the presence of Mimosa spp. in the pasture, on the characteristic clinic-pathological features and on recovery of the horses after their removal from the pasture. This appears to be the first report of the occurrence of ulcerative dermatitis caused by Mimosa setosa, as dermatitis caused by the others has been described before.(AU)

Polysaccharide extract of Mimosa tenuiflora stem barks stimulates acute inflammatory response via nitric oxide / Extrato polissacarídico oriundo das cascas do caule de Mimosa tenuiflora induz resposta inflamatória aguda via óxido nítrico

Mimosa tenuiflora (Mimosaceae) or "jurema-preta" is well distributed in the northeast Brazil, being popularly used to treat skin lesions, burns and inflammation. The healing effect of the alcoholic extract prepared with its barks corroborates the popular use. This study aimed to evaluate the inflammatory response of polysaccharides extracted from M. tenuiflora barks (EP-Mt) by methanol/NaOH and ethanol precipitation. Inflammatory activity was assessed in rat models of acute inflammation (paw edema and peritonitis), by the following parameters: edema, vascular permeability, leukocyte migration, myeloperoxidase activity and pharmacological modulation of nitric oxide and prostaglandins. EP-Mt presented 3.8% yield, 41% carbohydrate and 0.34% protein. EP-Mt (0.01, 0.1, 1.0 mg kg-1) injected by subcutaneous route elicited paw edema that lasted from 30-420 min, with maximal effect at 1 mg kg-1 (40x vs. saline), and was inhibited by L-NAME (52%) and dexamethasone (26%). EP-Mt (1 mg kg-1, via intraperitoneal) stimulated leukocytes migration (2.2x), mainly neutrophils (6.5x) and MPO activity (96%). The leukocyte migration elicited by EP-Mt was inhibited by dexamethasone (39%) and L-NAME (38%). EP-Mt containing high carbohydrate content induces acute inflammation via nitric oxide, which open perspectives of application in pathological conditions of immunosuppression.

Mimosa tenuiflora (Mimosaceae) ou "jurema-preta", amplamente distribuída no nordeste brasileiro, é utilizada popularmente no tratamento de lesões de pele, queimaduras e inflamação. O efeito cicatrizante do extrato alcoólico de suas cascas corrobora o uso popular. Avaliou-se o efeito inflamatório dos polissacarídeos da casca de M. tenuiflora (EP-Mt), obtidos por extração com metanol/NaOH e precipitação com etanol. O efeito inflamatório foi avaliado em modelos agudos em ratos (edema de pata, peritonite) por meio dos seguintes parâmetros: edema, permeabilidade vascular, migração leucocitária, atividade da mieloperoxidase e modulação farmacológica de prostaglandinas e óxido nítrico. EP-Mt apresentou 3,8% de rendimento, 41% de carboidratos totais e 0,34% de proteína. EP-Mt (0,01, 0,1, 1,0 mg kg -1), administrado por via subcutânea, induziu edema de pata com duração de 30 a 420 min e efeito máximo na dose de 1 mg kg-1 (40x vs. salina), o qual foi inibido por L-NAME (52%) e dexametasona (26%). EP-Mt (1 mg kg-1, via intraperitoneal) estimulou a migração de leucócitos (2,2x vs. salina), principalmente de neutrófilos (6,5x), com aumento da atividade da mieloperoxidase (96%). A migração de leucócitos foi inibida por dexametasona (39%) e L-NAME (38%). EP-Mt contendo elevado teor de carboidratos induz inflamação aguda via óxido nítrico com perspectivas de aplicação em condições patológicas de imunossupressão.

Establishment of Mimosa biuncifera (Fabaceae) inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in greenhouse and field drought conditions / Establecimiento de Mimosa biuncifera (Fabaceae) inoculada con hongos micorrízicos arbusculares en invernadero y campo, en condiciones de sequía

AbstractMexico is dominated by arid or semi-arid ecosystems, predominantly characterized as xeric shrublands. These areas are frequently deteriorated due to agriculture or over-grazing by livestock (sheep and goats). The vegetation type mainly consists of thorny plant species, and among these, the dominant one in overgrazed areas is catclaw (Mimosa biuncifera). This is a nurse plant that facilitates establishment of other vegetation and promotes plant succession. Catclaw plants form a mutualistic association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which improves uptake of nutrients and water. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of inoculating catclaw plants with native AMF and starting their growth under a low water availability treatment in a greenhouse, and later transplanting them to field conditions of drought and deterioration. Field plants were evaluated according to their survivorship and growth. The seeds of catclaw plants and soil with AMF spores were collected in the Mezquital Valley of Hidalgo State, in Central Mexico. Seedlings were grown in individual pots in a greenhouse. The experimental design consisted of two levels of pot irrigation, wet (W) and dry (D), as well as the presence (M+) or absence (M-) of AMF inoculum, with 20 replicates for each treatment. The following plant parameters were recorded every week: height, number of leaves and pinnae, and mean diameter of coverage. After 20 weeks in the greenhouse, determination was made of fresh and dry biomass, relative growth rate (RGR), root/shoot ratio, real evapotranspiration (RET), water-use efficiency (WUE), and percentage of mycorrhizal colonization. The remaining plants growing under the dry treatment (M+ and M-) were then transplanted to a semi-arid locality in the Mezquital Valley. During one year, monthly records were kept of their height, number of leaves, mean diameter of coverage and survival. Results showed that compared to greenhouse plants under other treatments, those under the wet mycorrhizal (WM+) treatment were taller, had more pinnae, and were characterized by greater coverage, faster RGR, and greater fresh and dry biomass. Moreover, inoculated plants (WM+ and DM+) showed higher WUE than those uninoculated (WM- and DM-, respectively). After one year in field conditions, there was a higher survival rate for previously inoculated versus uninoculated plants. Hence, mycorrhization of M. biuncifera with native AMF inoculum increased plant efficiency in biomass production, thus favoring establishment and survival in field conditions. We concluded that inoculation of catclaw plants is recommendable for revegetation programs in deteriorated semi-arid zones. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (2): 791-803. Epub 2016 June 01.

ResumenMás de la mitad del territorio mexicano está dominado por ecosistemas áridos y semiáridos. El principal tipo de vegetación de estos ambientes son matorrales xerófilos y normalmente están deteriorados por agricultura y sobrepastoreo de ovejas y cabras inducido por la actividad humana. Las plantas espinosas dominan en estas zonas, como el gatuño (Mimosa biuncifera Benth., Fabaceae), que es una planta nodriza que promueve la sucesión vegetal. Las plantas de gatuño forman junto con hongos micorrizógenos arbusculares (HMA), una asociación mutualista llamada micorriza arbuscular que mejora la captación vegetal de nutrimentos y agua. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el efecto de la inoculación con HMA nativos en plantas de gatuño, para evaluar su crecimiento y establecimiento bajo un tratamiento de baja disponibilidad hídrica, tanto en condiciones de invernadero como de campo. Para esto, se recolectaron semillas de Mimosa biuncifera y suelo con esporas de HMA en el Valle del Mezquital, estado de Hidalgo, en el Centro de México. Las plántulas fueron cultivadas en macetas individuales en condiciones de invernadero bajo un diseño experimental que consistió en dos tratamientos de riego de las macetas, húmedo (W) y seco (D), y dos tratamientos de inoculación: con y sin inóculo de HMA (M+, M-). Cada tratamiento tuvo 20 repeticiones. Semanalmente se registró altura, diámetro medio de la cobertura y número de hojas y pinnas de las plantas. Después de 20 semanas, se determinaron biomasa húmeda y seca, tasa relativa de crecimiento (TRC), proporción raíz vástago, evapotranspiración real, eficiencia en el uso del agua (WUE) y porcentaje de colonización micorrícica. Posteriormente, los individuos del tratamiento seco (M+ y M-) fueron trasplantados a una localidad semiárida en el Valle del Mezquital, donde la altura, número de hojas y supervivencia fueron registrados mensualmente durante un año. Los resultados muestran que las plantas en el tratamiento húmedo y micorrizado (WM+) tuvieron una mayor altura, cobertura vegetal, biomasa húmeda y seca, TRC y más pinnas que las plantas de los otros tratamientos; también los tratamientos micorrizados (WM+ y DM+) tuvieron mayor WUE que la plantas sin inóculo (M-). En condiciones de campo, después de un año, la supervivencia de las plantas M+ fue mayor que en los testigos. Se concluyó que la micorrización de M. biuncifera con inóculo nativo incrementa su eficiencia en la producción de biomasa y favorece el establecimiento y supervivencia en condiciones de campo. Finalmente, se recomienda la inoculación de plantas de gatuño con HMA en programas de revegetación de zonas semiáridas deterioradas.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd. ) Poir from Brazilian semi-arid

Abstract Many plant species from Brazilian semi-arid present arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in their rhizosphere. These microorganisms play a key role in the establishment, growth, survival of plants and protection against drought, pathogenic fungi and nematodes. This study presents a quantitative analysis of the AMF species associated with Mimosa tenuiflora, an important native plant of the Caatinga flora. AMF diversity, spore abundance and root colonization were estimated in seven sampling locations in the Ceará and Paraíba States, during September of 2012. There were significant differences in soil properties, spore abundance, percentage of root colonization, and AMF diversity among sites. Altogether, 18 AMF species were identified, and spores of the genera Acaulospora, Claroideoglomus, Dentiscutata, Entrophospora, Funneliformis, Gigaspora, Glomus, Racocetra, Rhizoglomus and Scutellospora were observed. AMF species diversity and their spore abundance found in M. tenuiflora rhizosphere shown that this native plant species is an important host plant to AMF communities from Brazilian semi-arid region. We concluded that: (a) during the dry period and in semi-arid conditions, there is a high spore production in M. tenuiflora root zone; and (b) soil properties, as soil pH and available phosphorous, affect AMF species diversity, thus constituting key factors for the similarity/dissimilarity of AMF communities in the M. tenuiflora root zone among sites.

Emergence and early development of seedlings of Mimosa ophthalmocentra Mart. ex Benth.) irrigated with brackish water / Emergencia e desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de jurema-imbira, Mimosa ophthalmocentra Mart. ex Benth, irrigadas com água salobra

The species Jurema-imbira (Mimosa ophthalmocentra) is typical of the Caatinga of Northeast Brazil and has medicinal properties; besides being also used by timber industry. The study aimed at assessing effects of irrigation water salinity on emergence and early development of seedlings of jurema-imbira (Mimosa ophthalmocentra Mart. ex Benth.). For this, seeds were manually extracted from the pods of matrix plants and sown under greenhouse conditions in polystyrene trays and irrigated with brackish solutions calibrated to electrical conductivity of 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 dS m-1; and a treatment with tap water with salinity level of 0.5 dS m-1 was used as control. The experiment was conducted in October 2013. Parameters assessed were: seedling emergence, emergence speed, seedling height, root length, stem diameter, dry mass of shoots, dry mass of roots and total dry mass of seedling. A completely randomized design was used with six treatments, and four replications each consisting of of 25 seeds per treatment. Adjustment of nonlinear and polynomial regression curves, which was used to estimate behavior of variables assessed was performed with aid of software Sigmaplot®. Salinity negatively affects all variables directly proportional to its increase in the irrigation water, with the greatest seedling development at a dose of 1.5 dS m-1.

A espécie Jurema-imbira é típica do bioma Caatinga e, além de possuir propriedades medicinais, também é utilizada pela indústria madeireira. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da salinidade da água de irrigação na emergência e desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de jurema-imbira. Para isso, sementes foram extraídas manualmente de vagens oriundas de plantas matrizes e semeadas em bandejas de poliestireno expandido, em condições ambientais de casa de vegetação, e irrigadas com soluções salobras calibradas para condutividade elétrica de 1,5; 2,5; 3,5; 4,5 e 5,5 dS m-1. Como testemunha foi utilizada água de torneira (0,5 dS m-1). O experimento foi conduzido no mês de outubro de 2013. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: porcentagem e velocidade de emergência; altura da plântula; comprimento da raiz; diâmetro do caule; massa seca da parte aérea, massa seca da raiz e massa seca total. O delineamento estatístico inteiramente casualizado foi utilizado com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições de 25 sementes cada, para cada tratamento. O ajuste das curvas de regressões não lineares e polinomiais, usadas para estimar o comportamento das características avaliadas, foi realizado com o auxílio do software Sigmaplot®. A salinidade interferi negativamente em todas as variáveis avaliadas de forma proprocional ao seu aumento na água de irrigação das plântulas de jurema-imbira, sendo o maior desenvolvimento destas obtido na concentração de NaCl de 1,5 dS m-1.

Maturação fisiológica e dormência em sementes de sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth) / Physiological maturity and dormancy in sabia (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth) seeds

O estado de dormência surge durante o desenvolvimento da semente com a desidratação dos protoplastos do embrião e com a maturação do tegumento, que frequentemente possui permeabilidade seletiva. Assim, o estudo do processo de maturação das sementes é de vital importância para se determinar o ponto ideal da colheita de sementes, garantindo assim máxima produção e elevada qualidade fisiológica. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes estádios de maturação fisiológica sobre a dormência, germinação e vigor de sementes de sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth). O trabalho foi conduzido no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes do Departamento de Ciências Vegetais da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x5 (com e sem quebra de dormência x cinco estádios de maturação), constituindo assim 10 tratamentos e quatro repetições. Foram avaliados o teor de água das sementes, a porcentagem de germinação, o índice de velocidade de germinação e a primeira contagem. Constatou-se diferença significativa para todas as variáveis estudadas. As sementes de sabiá tornam-se dormentes à medida que diminuem seu teor de água e amadurecem fisiologicamente. A maior qualidade fisiológica das sementes é obtida por ocasião da maturação e secagem, desde que processos de quebra de dormência sejam realizados. Pode-se obter elevada porcentagem de germinação com sementes colhidas de vagens com coloração marrom-clara sem tratamentos de superação da dormência.

The dormant state arises during seed development with dehydration of embryo protoplasts and tegument maturation, which often has selective permeability. Thus, the study of the process of seed maturation is vital to determine the optimal harvest of seeds, ensuring maximum yield and high physiological quality. The present work was to evaluate the effect of different maturation stages on physiological dormancy, germination and vigor in sabiá seeds (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth). The work was conducted in the Laboratory of Seed Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido. The statistical design was completely randomized in a 2x5 factorial arrangement (with and without breaking dormancy x five phases of maturity), thus constituting 10 treatments and four replications. We evaluated the water content of seeds, germination percentage, the rate of speed of germination and the first count. It found significant differences for all variables. The seeds of thrush become dormant decrease as its water content and mature physiologically. The highest vigor of the seed is obtained at the time of maturing and drying, since processes are performed dormancy. You can get high germination percentage of pods with seeds harvested with brownishclear without treatment break dormancy.

Malformações, abortos e mortalidade embrionária em ovinos causada pela ingestão de Mimosa tenuiflora (Leguminosae) / Malformations, abortion, and embryonic death in sheep caused by the ingestion of Mimosa tenuiflora (Leguminosae)

Para determinar a teratogenicidade de Mimosa tenuiflora, 15 ovelhas, distribuídas em dois grupos, foram introduzidos em área invadida pela planta. O Grupo 1, com seis ovelhas prenhes, foi introduzido na área experimental 20 dias após o acasalamento. O Grupo 2, formado por nove ovelhas não prenhes e um carneiro, foi introduzido na área experimental no início do experimento. O experimento começou no mês de outubro de 2009, período de estiagem, quando M. tenuiflora estava sementando. Nesse período as plantas foram rebaixadas a 40 cm de altura e os galhos com folhas e sementes foram disponibilizados para os ovinos na mesma área onde M. tenuiflora foi rebaixada. M. tenuiflora começou a rebrotar ainda na estação seca antes do período de chuvas. No período de rebrota, as ovelhas ficavam livres para pastar M. tenuiflora e recebiam concentrado em quantidade equivalente a 1% do peso vivo. Após as primeiras chuvas, em meados de janeiro do ano seguinte, quando o estrato herbáceo apareceu, essas ovelhas foram confinadas em baias, onde M. tenuiflora foi fornecida até o fim do experimento. A cada 15 dias eram realizados exames ultrassonográficos para acompanhamento da gestação. No Grupo 1, três ovelhas abortaram, cada uma um feto sem malformações. Outra ovelha pariu dois cordeiros, um com hiperflexão na articulação inter-falangeana proximal no membro torácico direito e outro sem malformações. Outra ovelha pariu um cordeiro com hiperflexão dos dois membros pélvicos na região da articulação tarso-metatársica. No grupo formado pelas ovelhas que foram acasaladas na área experimental, uma ovelha abortou um feto sem malformações e cinco pariram cordeiros normais. Três das ovelhas desse grupo não emprenharam durante todo o período experimental, mostrando retornos repetidos ao cio, sugerindo perda embrionária. Trinta e duas ovelhas e um carneiro, que permaneceram numa área vizinha a área experimental e foram utilizados como controle, pariram cordeiros normais. Conclui-se que M. tenuiflora, além de causar malformações causa, também, mortalidade embrionária e abortos em ovelhas.

To determine the teratogenicity of Mimosa tenuiflora, 15 sheep, divided into two groups, were introduced into an area invaded by the plant. Group 1 consisted of six pregnant ewes that were introduced into the experimental area 20 days after mating. Group 2 consisted of nine non pregnant sheep and a ram introduced into the area at the start of the experiment. The experiment began in October 2009, during the dry season, when M. tenuiflora was seeding. During this period the M. tenuiflora plants were pruned to 40cm tall and the branches with leaves and seeds were provided to the experimental sheep in the same area. After prunning M. tenuiflora began to sprout even in the dry season, and the sheep were free to graze the plant. They also received concentrate ration in amount equivalent to 1% of their body weight. After the first rains in mid-January 2010, when the herbaceous layer appeared, the pregnant sheep were confined in stalls, and M. tenuiflora was cut in the field and given to the sheep until the end of the experiment. Every 15 days each sheep was examined by ultrasound to control pregnancy. In Group 1, three sheep aborted single fetuses without malformations. One sheep delivered two lambs, one with hyperflexion of the proximal inter-phalangeal joint of the right forelimb and another without malformations. Another sheep delivered a lamb with a hyperflexion of both hindlimbs in the region of the tarsal-metatarsal joint. Only one sheep delivered a normal lamb. In Group 2, one sheep aborted a fetus without malformations and five delivered normal lambs. Three sheep of this group returned to estrus repeatedly and did not get pregnant during the mating period, suggesting embryonic loss. Thirty two ewes and one ram, that stayed in a paddock neighbor to the experimental paddock and were used as control group, delivered normal lambs. It is concluded that M. tenuiflora cause malformations, embryonic mortality and abortion in sheep.

Avaliação da atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana dos extratos e frações orgânicas de Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. (Mimosaceae) / Assessment of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the organic extracts and fractions of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. (Mimosaceae)

A espécie Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. (Mimosaceae), conhecida popularmente como sabiá e cerva viva, é uma planta arbórea encontrada na caatinga nordestina brasileira, amplamente utilizada pela população na forma de infusões para o tratamento de feridas, bronquites e anti-inflamatório. Diante do exposto, os objetivos deste estudo, foram determinar as atividades antioxidantes e antimicrobianas do extrato etanólico das folhas (EHM), caules (EHL), cascas do caule (EHC), raízes (EHR) e frações obtidas das folhas de M. caesalpiniifolia Benth. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada através do método de captação do radical DPPH, enquanto a atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada pelo método de microdiluição em caldo, sobre leveduras, bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas. A capacidade antioxidante mostrou que a fração acetato de etila (Fr-EtOAc) foi diretamente proporcional ao teor de polifenóis totais com IC50 de 20,08 ± 0,10 ?g/mL e 721,29±0,60 mg de EAG (equivalentes de ácido gálico) por g de extrato. Na atividade antimicrobiana, todos os extratos e frações exibiram atividade inibitória de crescimento frente aos micro-organismos microrganismos avaliados e em concentrações variando de 5 a 1000 ?g/mL. A Fr-EtOAc apresentou valores promissores de inibição de crescimento frente a fungos, como Candida glabrata (ATCC 90030) e Candida krusei (ATCC 6258), com concentrações de 20 e 40 ?g/mL, respectivamente. Estes resultados são importantes, pois são os primeiros a serem realizados com a espécie M. caesalpiniifolia.

The species Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. (Mimosaceae), popularly known as thrush and hind alive, is a tree found in Brazilian caaringa, widely used by the population in the form of infusions for the treatment of wounds, bronchitis and anti-inflammatory. Thus, the goal of this study was to determine the antioxidant and anti-microbial activity of ethanolic extracts from the leaves (EHM), trunks (EHL), trunk barks (EHC), roots (EHR) and fractions obtained from the leaves of M. caesalpiniifolia Benth., used by the populations as popular medication as an anti-inflammatory medication and as a relief to respiratory problems. The antioxidant action was evaluated through the capturing the radical DPPH, while the antimicrobial action was evaluated through the method of micro-dilution in broth, on yeasts, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The antioxidant capacity has shown that the ethyl-acetate fraction (Fr-EtOAc) was directly proportional to the poly-phenol contents with an IC50 at 20.08 ± 0,10?g/ mL and 721.29±0.60mg of EAG (gallic acid equivalents) per g of the extract. As regards the antimicrobial activity, the extracts and fractions showed a growth-inhibiting activity for the micro-organisms evaluated and in concentrations from 5 to 1000?g/mL. The Fr-EtOAc showed promising growth-inhibiting figures in the case of yeasts such as Candida glabrata (ATCC 90030) and Candida krusei (ATCC 6258), in 20 and 40?g/mL concentrations, respectively. These results are important as they are the first to be obtained with the M. Caesalpiniifolia species.

Potencial alelopático do extrato aquoso de folhas de Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. na germinação de Lactuca sativa L. / Allelopathy potential of Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. aqueous leaf extract of Lactuca sativa L. germination

O trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o potencial alelopático do extrato aquoso de folhas da jurema preta (Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir.) sobre a germinação de sementes e crescimento de plântulas de alface. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com cinco concentrações do extrato bruto (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% e 100%) com quatro repetições de 20 sementes. O pH e o potencial osmótico foi determinado para cada tratamento. As características avaliadas foram porcentagem de germinação (G), índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG), porcentagem de plântulas normais (PN) e anormais (PA), comprimento da parte aérea (CPA) e da raiz (CR) nas plântulas de alface. Os valores do pH e do potencial osmótico dos extratos nos diferentes tratamentos variaram entre 4,5 e 6,9, e 0,0 a -0,7 MPa, respectivamente, estando dentro do limite recomendado para a germinação de sementes de alface. O IVG não diferiu significativamente nas diferentes concentrações e temperaturas de extração. Todos os extratos afetaram negativamente o crescimento, reduzindo o comprimento da raiz em mais de 50% e quanto maior a concentração dos extratos, menores os valores de CR e CPA. O extrato aquoso de folhas de jurema preta M. tenuifolia extraído a 100°C reduziu a germinação nas maiores concentrações e o extrato a 25°C não afetou a germinação. Houve efeito alelopático negativo dos extratos nas maiores concentrações sob o desenvolvimento de plântulas de alface, com inibição do crescimento da raiz e do hipocótilo/coleóptilo, e alta percentagem de plântulas anormais nas duas temperaturas de extração.

This study aimed to determine the allelopathic potential of aqueous extract of leaves of jurema preta (Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir.) on seed germination and seedling growth of lettuce. The experimental design was completely randomized with five concentrations of crude extract (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) with four replications of 20 seeds. The pH and osmotic potential was determined for each treatment. We evaluated the germination percentage (G), germination speed index (IVG), percentage of normal seedlings (NP) and abnormal (PA), shoot (CPA) and root (CR) length in lettuce seedlings. The values of pH and osmotic potential of the extracts in the different treatments varied between 4.5 and 6.9, and 0.0 to -0.7 MPa, respectively, being within the recommended limits for the germination of lettuce seeds. The IVG did not differ significantly in different concentrations and temperatures of extraction. All extracts negatively affected growth, reducing the length of the root in more than 50% and the higher the concentration of the extracts, the lower the values of CR and CPA. The aqueous extract of leaves M. tenuifolia extract at 100°C reduced the germination at higher concentrations and the extract at 25°C did not affect germination. There was a negative allelopathic effect of extracts in higher concentrations in the development of seedlings of lettuce, with inhibition of root and hypocotyl/coleoptile growth, and high percentage of abnormal seedlings in the two extraction temperatures.

Prosopis laevigata and Mimosa biuncifera (Leguminosae), jointly influence plant diversity and soil fertility of a Mexican semiarid ecosystem

Prosopis laevigata and Mimosa biuncifera are frequently found in arid and semiarid shrublands, but scarce information is available about their influence on plant community structure and soil fertility. We compared plant community structure, diversity and soil nutrients of three semiarid shrubland sites located in Mezquital Valley, Mexico. These sites differ in their dominant species: Site 1 (Bingu) P. laevigata, Site 2 (González) M. biuncifera, and Site 3 (Rincón) with the presence of both legumes. The results showed that the plant community with P. laevigata and M. biuncifera (Site 3) had more cover, taller plants and higher plant diversity than sites with only one legume (Site 1 and Site 2). Soil organic matter (SOM), soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), phosphorus-Olsen (P) and C mineralization were higher in the soil under the canopy of both legumes than in bare soil. In contrast, soil cation concentrations were lower under the canopy of P. laevigata, but not for M. biuncifera. In addition, the density of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spores was higher within the soil under the canopy of M. biuncifera than in the soil under the canopy of P. laevigata. Thus, resource islands (RI) created by P. laevigata increased the amounts of SOC, TN and P when compared with the RI of M. biuncifera. This study provided evidences about the importance of species identity in order to expand the niche availability for the establishment of other plants, and highlights that P. laevigata and M. biuncifera jointly influencing plant colonization within semiarid ecosystems.

Prosopis laevigata y Mimosa biuncifera coexisten en los matorrales semiáridos; sin embargo, se desconoce su influencia sobre la diversidad de la comunidad vegetal y el suelo. Este estudio evaluó el efecto de P. laevigata y M. biuncifera sobre la estructura, diversidad vegetal y nutrimentos del suelo, en tres matorrales del Valle del Mezquital, México. Los sitios difieren en la especie dominante: Sitio 1, P. laevigata; Sitio 2, M. biuncifera y Sitio 3, ambas leguminosas. En cada sitio se recolectó suelo, tanto abajo y fuera del dosel de las leguminosas, además, se realizaron transectos para medir e identificar las plantas arbóreas y arbustivas, se calculó el índice de valor de importancia y la diversidad del matorral. Asimismo, se registró mayor riqueza y diversidad en el Sitio 3 (ICE 29 spp. y H’ 2.7), en comparación con el Sitio 1 (24 spp. y 2.4) y Sitio 2 (26 spp. y 2.1). La materia orgánica y el carbono orgánico del suelo, así como el N total, el P-Olsen y la mineralización de C fueron mayores en el suelo bajo dosel de ambas leguminosas. La abundancia de esporas de hongos micorrizógenos arbusculares fue favorecida por M. biunficera. La influencia de P. laevigata para crear islas más ricas en recursos fue mayor que en M. biunficera, lo anterior sugiere que cada leguminosa modifica de una forma diferente el microambiente, sin embargo, juntas aumentan la disponibilidad de nichos para el establecimiento de otras especies, lo queayuda a comprender el papel de P. laevigata y M. biuncifera sobre la colonización vegetal en ecosistemas semiáridos.

Abordagem fitoquímica, composição bromatológica e atividade antibacteriana de Mimosa tenuiflora (Wild) Poiret E Piptadenia stipulacea (Benth) Ducke / Phytochemical approach, bromatologic composition and antibacterial activity of Mimosa tenuiflora (Wild) Poiret and Piptadenia stipulacea (Benth) Ducke

A necessidade de encontrar novas drogas eficazes no combate microbiano tem aumentado a cada dia e estimulado a busca de novos compostos naturais com atividades biológicas. Neste trabalho, realizaram-se estudo fitoquímico e análises microbiológicas com os extratos etanólicos das espécies (jurema-preta) Mimosa tenuiflora (Wild) Poiret e (jurema-branca) Piptadenia stipulacea (Benth) Ducke, frente a linhagens de bactérias patogênicas. O pó da casca do caule de ambas as espécies foi submetido à avaliação bromatológica e determinados os teores de Matéria Seca, Matéria Mineral, Proteína Bruta, Fibra em Detergente Neutro e Energia Bruta. Os resultados para a prospecção química indicaram a presença de taninos e outros compostos fenólicos, bem como a presença de saponinas em ambos os extratos. Os extratos das duas espécies demonstraram que mais de uma parte das plantas possui atividade antimicrobiana. A composição bromatológica da casca do caule de jurema-preta e jurema-branca apresentou teores diferenciados para as variáveis avaliadas.

The need to find new efficient drugs to combat microbes has increased the search for new natural compounds with biological activities. In this work, phytochemical studies and microbiological analysis were carried out with the ethanol extracts of Mimosa tenuiflora (Wild) Poiret and Piptadenia stipulacea (Benth) Ducke on pathogenic bacteria strains. The bark powders of both species were submitted to bromatologic evaluation and the levels of dry matter, mineral matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and crude energy were determined. The results of the chemical search chemical showed the presence of tannins and other phenolic compounds as well as the presence of saponins in both extracts. The microbiologic evaluation of the extracts of both species showed that more than one part of the plants had antimicrobial activity. The bromatologic composition of the bark powder of Mimosa tenuiflora (Wild) Poiret and Piptadenia stipulacea (Benth) Ducke showed different contents for analyzed variables.

Herbal remedies and their adverse effects in Tem Tribe Traditional Medicine in Togo

Abstract: In Africa, up to 80% of the population relies on herbal concoctions for their primarily health care. In Togo, western Africa, Tem tribe is a population with old knowledge of medicinal plants, however, still very little is known about their medical practices. The present study was conducted to access for the apprehension of adverse effects of traditional remedies by Tem traditional healers (TH). Enquiry was performed by interviews with healers from August to October 2007 in Tchaoudjo prefecture (Togo). The study allowed us to interview 54 TH including 41(75.93%) males and 13(24.07%) females, who cited 102 recipes assumed to have adverse effects. The recipes were used alone to cure several diseases including haemorrhoids (22.55%), female sexual disorders and infertility (21.57%), gastrointestinal disorders (18.63%), and malaria (6.86%). A total of 34 plants belonging to 21 families were cited to be components of the recipes. Euphorbiaceae and Mimosaceae families were the most represented, however, Nauclea latifolia, Khaya senegalensis, Pseudocedrela kotschyi and Xeroderris stuhlmannii were the main components of recipes linked to adverse effects. A total of 20 adverse effects were linked to the administration of theses drugs, and among them; diarrhoea, abdominal pains, polyuria, general weakness and vomiting were the most frequently encountered. These findings were in accordance with several reports of the literature concerning medicinal plants, although they were based on empirical observations. Laboratory screenings are needed to access for the effectiveness as well as the possible toxic effects of the recipes

Estudio químico de cinco plantas mexicanas de uso común en la medicina tradicional / Chemical study of five mexican plants used commonly in folk medicine

As a continuation of the phytochemical studies of Mexican medicinal plants, in this work we show the results of the investigation of five mexican plants that are commonly used in the folk medicine. From Gnaphalium sphacellatum Kunth was isolated obliquin, from G. inornatum DC, kaurenoic acid and beta-sitosterol, from G. purpurascens DC, gnaphaline and pinocembrin, from Spharalcea angustifolia (Cav.) G. Don, (–)-loliolide and sacharose and from Mimosa xanti A. Gray, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, (+)-pinitol, lupeol. The structures were elucidated by NMR and MS spectra.

Como una continuación de los estudios fitoquímicos de plantas medicinales de México, en este trabajo presentamos los resultados de la investigación de cinco plantas mexicanas comúnmente usadas en la medicina tradicional. De Gnaphalium sphacellatum Kunth se aisló obliquina, de G. inornatum DC, se aisló acido kaurenoico y beta-sitosterol, de G. purpurascens DC, gnaphalina y pinocembrina, de Sphaeralcea angustifolia, (Cav.) G. Don. (–)-loliolide y sacarosa y de Mimosa xanti A. Gray, beta-sitosterol, estigmasterol, (+)-pinitol, lupeol. Las estructuras fueron elucidadas por espectroscopía de RMN y MS.